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Approaches to Legal Ontologies Theories, Domains, Methodologies

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Main Data

Author:	Mariangela Biasiotti, Pompeu Casanovas, Giovanni Sartor, Meritxell Fernández-Barrera
Editor:	Giovanni Sartor, Pompeu Casanovas, Mariangela Biasiotti, Meritxell Fernández-Barrera
Title:	Approaches to Legal Ontologies Theories, Domains, Methodologies
Publisher:	Springer-Verlag
ISBN/ISSN:	9789400701205
Edition:	1
Price:	CHF 154.70
Publication date:	01/01/2010

Content

Category:	Informatik, EDV Buch
Language:	English

Technical Data

Pages:	282
Kopierschutz:	DRM
Geräte:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
Formate:	PDF

Table of contents

The book provides the reader with a unique source regarding the current theoretical landscape in legal ontology engineering as well as on foreseeable future trends for the definition of conceptual structures to enhance the automatic processing and retrieval of legal information in the Semantic Web framework. It will thus interest researchers in the domains of the SW, legal informatics, Artificial Intelligence and law, legal theory and legal philosophy, as well as developers of e-government applications based on the intelligent management of legal or public information to provide both back-office and front-office support.

Table of contents

	Foreword: What LGTS Intends to Be	6
	Preface	8
	Contents	10
	Contributors	12
	1 Introduction: Theory and Methodology in Legal Ontology Engineering: Experiences and Future Directions	15
	1.1 Legal Ontologies Come of Age	15
	1.1.1 Legal Ontologies in Legal Thinking	16
	1.2 New Directions in Semantic Web Research: Rethinking Ontologies	18
	1.3 Approaches to Legal Ontologies: Experience and Future Directions	23
	References	27
	2 The Legal Theory Perspective: Doctrinal Conceptual Systems vs. Computational Ontologies	29
	2.1 Introduction. Legal Doctrine and Legal Theory as a Source for Building Legal Ontologies	29
	2.2 Legal Concepts: Striking a Balance Between Legal Interpretation and Ontological Categories	31
	2.2.1 The Mutual Dependence of Legal Concepts on Legal Norms	32
	2.2.2 Why Systems of Legal Concepts May Still Be Useful: The Interplay of Theoretical, Doctrinal and Sociological Analysis of Legal Contents	36
	2.3 Systems of Legal Concepts in Legal Doctrine	37
	2.3.1 System of Concepts, Their Topological and Semantic Properties and Methodology for Exploring Them	38
	2.3.2 System of Concepts in Ontologies	40
	2.3.3 Systems of Concepts in Legal Doctrine	41
	2.4 Types of Systems of Legal Concepts	43
	2.4.1 Degree of Abstraction	43
	2.4.2 Types of Semantic Relations	46
	2.4.3 Other Forms of Conceptual Organisation in Legal Doctrine	51
	2.5 A Mapping Between Doctrinal Conceptual Structures and Computational Ontologies	54
	2.6 Conclusions and Further Work	57
	References	59
	3 Empirically Grounded Developments of Legal Ontologies: A Socio-Legal Perspective	62
	3.1 Introduction: Wrestling with the Angel	62
	3.2 The Socio-Legal Approach: Pluralism and Legal Culture	63
	3.2.1 Legal Pluralism	64
	3.2.2 Legal Culture	65
	3.3 An Ontology-Enhanced Decision Support System for Judges: iuriservice	66
	3.3.1 Empirical-Based Design and Knowledge Acquisition	67
	3.3.2 The Ontology of Professional Judicial Knowledge	71
	3.3.3 User-Centered Approach: Expert Involvement	73
	3.4 Final Remarks	76
	References	77
	4 A Cognitive Science Perspective on Legal Ontologies	81
	4.1 Introduction	81
	4.2 Origins of Ontological Engineering	82
	4.2.1 Philosophy (1) Ontology	82
	4.2.2 Philosophy (2) Lingua Universalis Philosophica	83
	4.2.3 Artificial Intelligence	84
	4.2.4 Knowledge Engineering	84
	4.2.5 Semantic Web	85
	4.3 Knowledge and Semantics	85
	4.4 Formalisms, Reasoning and Information Management	87
	4.5 A CS Perspective for Top Ontologies	89
	4.6 Some Paradoxes for Conclusions	91
	References	92
	5 Social Ontology and Documentality	94
	5.1 Introduction	94
	5.2 Physical, Ideal and Social Objects	95
	5.3 The Discovery of Social Objects	96
	5.4 X Counts as Y in C	97
	5.5 No (Social) Thing Exists Outside Texts	99
	5.6 Object = Inscribed Act	101
	5.7 Documentality	103
	5.8 Conclusions	106
	References	106
	6 The Case-Based Reasoning Approach: Ontologies for Analogical Legal Argument	109
	6.1 Introduction	109
	6.2 Definitions and Roles	109
	6.3 Extended Example	110
	6.4 Requirements for a Case-Based Legal Ontology	114
	6.4.1 For Representing Cases	115
	6.4.2 For Explaining Case Decisions	116
	6.4.3 For Representing Case-Based Arguments	118
	6.5 Using the Ontology to Model Arguments with Hypothetical Cases	118
	6.6 Challenges for a CBR Ontology	120
	6.7 Conclusions	123
	References	124
	7 A Complex-System Approach: Legal Knowledge, Ontology, Information and Networks	126
	7.1 Introduction	126
	7.2 Ontology Development: Dealing with Natural Language	127
	7.3 A Complex-Systems Approach Applied to Legal Corpus and Legal Ontology	131
	7.4 Mapping an Ontology on a Corpus via a Probability Measure	132
	7.5 Ontology, Information and Legal Corpus	135
	7.6 Scaling Issues in the Ontology Mapping	137
	7.7 Discussion and Perspectives	139
	7.7.1 Discussion about Information Functions in Ontology Building	139
	7.7.2 The Complex Systems Approach and the Human Expertise	140
	References	140
	8 The Multi-Layered Legal Information Perspective	142
	8.1 Introduction	142
	8.2 The Interoperability Issue	143
	8.3 The Multilayered Legal Information Perspective: A Tentative Procedural Model	145
	8.4 A Scenario	145
	References	149
	9 Legal Ontologies: The Linguistic Perspective	151
	9.1 Introduction	151
	9.2 Language and Law	152
	9.3 Legal Text Analysis	154
	9.3.1 The Semantics of Textual Structures	154
	9.3.2 The Construction of Legal Concepts	155
	9.3.3 The Computational Models	156
	9.4 A Bottom--Up Methodology for Ontology Building	158
	9.4.1 Lexical Ontologies	158
	9.4.2 Anchoring Terminologies to a Reference Ontology	160
	9.5 The Next Step: Frames Detection	162
	9.6 The Gap Between Text and Knowledge	165
	9.6.1 Bridging the Gap Between Text and Knowledge	165
	9.6.2 Some Practical Applications	168
	9.6.2.1 Definitional Techniques	168